What is Articulatory Phonetics?

 

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Articulatory Phonetics

All the sounds we make when we speak are the result of muscles contracting. The muscles in the chest that we use for breathing produce the flow of air that is needed for almost all speech sounds; muscles in the larynx produce many different modifications in the flow of air from the chest to the mouth. After passing through the larynx, the air goes through what we call the vocal tract, which ends at the mouth and nostrils; 

🌟 We call the part comprising the mouth "The Oral Cavity".

and 

🌟 The part that leads to the nostrils "The Nasal Cavity" 

Here the air from the lungs escapes into the atmosphere. We have a large and complex set of muscles that can produce changes in the shape of the vocal tract, and in order to learn how the sounds of speech are produced it is necessary to become familiar with the different parts of the vocal tract.  These different parts are called articulators, and the study of them is called articulatory phonetics.


Sumber materi https://t.me/English_Phonetics_and_Phonology

Accent vs. Dialect

 


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#Accent vs. #Dialect

The word accent is often confused with dialect. The word "dialect" refers to a variety of a language which is different from others in pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar and word order.  The word "accent", on the other hand, refers to pronunciation differences only.


Sumber materi https://t.me/English_Phonetics_and_Phonology

Stress and Intonation

 

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#Stress: is the relative strength of a syllable. 

#Intonation: is the use of the pitch of the voice to convey meaning. 

As an example of stress, consider the difference between the pronunciation of "contract" as a noun (‘they signed a contract) and "contract" as a verb (it started to contract). 

In the former, the stress is on the first syllable, while in the latter it is on the second syllable.  In General, the stress goes on the first syllable in nouns and on the second syllable in verbs. 

A possible example of intonation would be the different pitch movements on the word "well" said as an exclamation and as a question: in the first case the pitch will usually fall from high to low, while in the second it will rise from low to high.


Sumber materi https://t.me/English_Phonetics_and_Phonology

WHAT IS PHONEMES?

 

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Phonemes 

In any language we can identify a small number of regularly used sounds (vowels and consonants) that we call phonemes; for example, the vowels in the words ‘pin’ and ‘pen’ are different phonemes, and so are the consonants at the beginning of the words ‘pet’ and ‘bet’. 

Because of the notoriously confusing nature of English spelling, it is particularly important to learn to think of English pronunciation in terms of phonemes rather than letters of the alphabet. So, a phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in a word that makes a difference in its pronunciation, as well as its meaning, from another word. For instance, the /s/ in ‘soar’ distinguishes it from /r/ in ‘roar’, as it becomes different from ‘soar’ in pronunciation as well as meaning.


Sumber materi https://t.me/English_Phonetics_and_Phonology

Three Types of Phonetics

 

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There are three types of Phonetics: 

🎓1- Articulatory Phonetics: describes how sounds (vowel and consonant sounds) are articulated in various parts of the mouth and throat. ((How we PRODUCE Sounds))

🎓2- Acoustic Phonetics: describes how sounds travel in the air the form of vibrations from the speaker’s mouth to the hearer’s ear.  ((The Physics of Sounds))

🎓3- Auditory Phonetics: describes how sounds are perceived. In other words, how the brain decodes the wave sounds back into vowels and consonants originally intended by the speaker. ((How brain PROCESSES Sounds))


Sumber materi https://t.me/English_Phonetics_and_Phonology

SOUNDS IN ENGLISH

We all know that English has 26 letters, but there are 44 sounds: 

20 vowels + 24 consonants (= 44 sounds listed with examples in the picture above)

So, we need to differentiate between a letter and its sound(s). 



The letter "a", for example, has many sounds in English:

- /æ/ as in "fat" 

- /eɪ/ as in "fate"

- /ɑ:/ as in "far" 

- /ə/ as in "around"

- /eə/ as in "careful"

My Wattpad [09/05/2021]

 


My Stories : (If you want to read it, just click the title there)

1. Short Story : Let Go 

2. Sequel of Let Go : Learn to Let Go

3. The Truth 

4. Short Stories

5. Destiné à Faire



My Collaboration Stories : (If you want to read it, just click the title there)

1. Gio's Life

2. Dream, Love and Friendship

3. Love Scenario

4. Love Revenge

5. Awas Galmov

IDIOM : Wild goose chase

 


Sumber : https://t.me/joinchat/B-ntRD2Ne5WlbBgfsDA64Q


💬Wild goose chase

Meaning: Chasing something that’s very difficult (or impossible) to catch

🦢Imagine chasing a wild goose around and trying to catch it. Geese are fast, strong and awkward animals—catching one would probably be very hard, and it would also look very silly!


🍹Example:

🌿 You’re taking me on a wild goose chase, will you just give me an exact address where I should go?🦢

🌿After two hours spent wandering in the snow, I realized we were on a wild goose chase.🦢


#Idiom

#TeamJimmy

@Sirjimmy

IDIOM : I could eat a horse

 


Sumber : https://t.me/joinchat/B-ntRD2Ne5WlbBgfsDA64Q


💬I could eat a horse

Means: Some people use the expression ' I'm so hungry, I could eat a horse' to emphasise that they are extremely hungry and could eat a lot of food. You can also use the shortened version 'I could eat a horse.'


🍹Examples:

🎆 I haven't eaten all day! I'm so hungry, I could eat a horse.🥙🌮🥪

🌅Please can we go and get some food now? We've been walking around all day without any snacks! I could eat a horse!🥮🌮


#Idiom

#TeamJimmy

@Sirjimmy

Contoh Argumentative Writing : Smartphone Usage Should be Controlled for Children

 Written by : Rina Khafizah

In these days, smartphone is one of the most important tools that probably everyone should have. Why? Because in these globalization eras, everything will be connected easier through electronic items, such as gadget or we might call it smartphone. People these days normally using their smartphone to get to know any updates from everything. We can say that smartphone is really helping us for connecting with people that stay aboard. Not just people that we just know, smartphone also help us to stay connect with our family that we can't see every day or in some period of time. Even though smartphone helps us in many aspects, still use it too much will be a bad thing, especially for children.

In the past few months, the percentage of children using smartphone is increased because many schools going to online. Even though not all children doing it, but most of them will get distracted when they should be studying. Most of them will take more time playing with their smartphone even though they have a lot of homework. According to researchers, the use of smartphone for children will make them addicted and it will certainly affect their academic grades in school. “Students actually know and realize that the use of technology has a negative impact on people around them when used for off-task purposes like browsing the web,” Elena Neiterman, a Waterloo teaching fellow and one of the authors of the study, said. “They still feel like is still necessary when the classes are not engaging enough.”  They will be studying for a couple of minutes then when their smartphone rings, they will immediately pick it up and end up being busy with it. They will forget about their homework as soon as they have their smartphone on their hands. Based on that, their academic grades will be affected. If they spend too much time for smartphone and don't studying at all, they will be easily distracted and when they have to face the exams, they will not be ready at all. Then, they will get a low score.

Not just risk their academic grades, using smartphone too much will affect their social life as well. Let's just say, they will be just focus on their smartphone and everything will be ignored by them. Their friendship will have a big distance because they too focus on their smartphone. “Smartphones and their affordances create new contexts for disclosing information about who we are and for being responsive to others, and these virtual connections may have downstream unwanted effects on our current relationships. When you are distracted into or by the device, then your attention is divided, and being responsive to our partners – an essential ingredient for building intimacy – requires attention in the here and now.” said one of the Professor from University of Arizona psychology, Professor David Sbarra.  In some cases, based on my experience, many children will ignore their parents too. For example, when their parents ask them for help and they just focus on their smartphone, they will absolutely don't want to do it.

Using smartphone too much will also affect their health. Like playing games with their smartphone or just searching the internet in a long time without rest will be bad for their health. In 2011, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified mobile phone radiation possibly carcinogenic, means that there “could be some risk” of carcinogenicity, so additional research into the long-term, heavy use of mobile phones needs to be conducted. The American Cancer Society (ACS) states that the IARC classification means that there could be some risk associated with cancer, but the evidence is not strong enough to be considered causal and needs to be investigated further. Individuals who are concerned about radiofrequency exposure can limit their exposure, including using an ear piece and limiting cell phone use, particularly among children. Because they're addicted to the smartphone, sometimes they would probably skip their lunch or even their dinner. It can be happened if they found something interesting on the internet and they'll feel it would be bad idea if they leave it even just for meals. Then, because of that, they will get sick easily. Not just their body, but their eyes too. Watching smartphone for a period of time and didn't rest at all will definitely make their eyes tired. Their eyes will be getting red and little bit wet, that's a sign so that they will know that they need rest. If they still doing it without rest or give their body some nutrients, they will get sick and their eyes will be hurt.

Although smartphones have a lot of bad impacts for children, adults (especially parents) should be able to take care of them. Make a schedule for the children so that they can separate time when can they playing their phones and when they should be studying. Give the time limit for them when they want to play their gadget and remind them don’t skip their mealtime and sleep time so that they can be productive. Smartphones in these days just like an important tool that everyone should have because it’ll help everyone to do their jobs. Even children, smartphone will help them on doing their homework so that they can get an information everywhere, anytime and unlimited access. In the year of 2008, smartphone industries welcomed a new operating system called Android, introduced by Google. The concepts of smartphone applications came around at the same time when the first smartphones were released. Since then, many applications to run on an Android operating system have been developed by programmers around the world. The popularity of smartphone is very encouraging.

        Based on those explanations, using smartphone for children should be controlled by adults, especially their parents. Using smartphone without any adult watching them will end up being addicted. They will focus on the smartphone and forgot their school, homework, friends even their health. Smartphone is a very useful tool but sometimes using it over and out of control will be a bad idea. Especially for children, they should be watched by adults when they got a chance to hold a smartphone on their hands. In these eras, if children using smartphone without any adults controlled them, they will be lost on some sites that might be dangerous for themselves. Not just that, using smartphone too often and don't study will affect their academic scores and their social life as well. So that, using smartphone should be controlled for children to handle that kind of issue.