GUDANG BACA

Articulatory Phonetics

All the sounds we make when we speak are the result of muscles contracting. The muscles in the chest that we use for breathing produce the flow of air that is needed for almost all speech sounds; muscles in the larynx produce many different modifications in the flow of air from the chest to the mouth. After passing through the larynx, the air goes through what we call the vocal tract, which ends at the mouth and nostrils; 

🌟 We call the part comprising the mouth "The Oral Cavity".

and 

🌟 The part that leads to the nostrils "The Nasal Cavity" 

Here the air from the lungs escapes into the atmosphere. We have a large and complex set of muscles that can produce changes in the shape of the vocal tract, and in order to learn how the sounds of speech are produced it is necessary to become familiar with the different parts of the vocal tract.  These different parts are called articulators, and the study of them is called articulatory phonetics.

Sumber materi https://t.me/English_Phonetics_and_Phonology

Sumber gambar https://id.pinterest.com/pin/314618723974665181/

#Accent vs. #Dialect

The word accent is often confused with dialect. The word "dialect" refers to a variety of a language which is different from others in pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar and word order.  The word "accent", on the other hand, refers to pronunciation differences only.

Sumber materi https://t.me/English_Phonetics_and_Phonology

#Stress: is the relative strength of a syllable. 

#Intonation: is the use of the pitch of the voice to convey meaning. 

As an example of stress, consider the difference between the pronunciation of "contract" as a noun (‘they signed a contract) and "contract" as a verb (it started to contract). 

In the former, the stress is on the first syllable, while in the latter it is on the second syllable.  In General, the stress goes on the first syllable in nouns and on the second syllable in verbs. 

A possible example of intonation would be the different pitch movements on the word "well" said as an exclamation and as a question: in the first case the pitch will usually fall from high to low, while in the second it will rise from low to high.

Sumber materi https://t.me/English_Phonetics_and_Phonology

Phonemes 

In any language we can identify a small number of regularly used sounds (vowels and consonants) that we call phonemes; for example, the vowels in the words ‘pin’ and ‘pen’ are different phonemes, and so are the consonants at the beginning of the words ‘pet’ and ‘bet’. 

Because of the notoriously confusing nature of English spelling, it is particularly important to learn to think of English pronunciation in terms of phonemes rather than letters of the alphabet. So, a phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in a word that makes a difference in its pronunciation, as well as its meaning, from another word. For instance, the /s/ in ‘soar’ distinguishes it from /r/ in ‘roar’, as it becomes different from ‘soar’ in pronunciation as well as meaning.

Sumber materi https://t.me/English_Phonetics_and_Phonology

There are three types of Phonetics: 

🎓1- Articulatory Phonetics: describes how sounds (vowel and consonant sounds) are articulated in various parts of the mouth and throat. ((How we PRODUCE Sounds))

🎓2- Acoustic Phonetics: describes how sounds travel in the air the form of vibrations from the speaker’s mouth to the hearer’s ear.  ((The Physics of Sounds))

🎓3- Auditory Phonetics: describes how sounds are perceived. In other words, how the brain decodes the wave sounds back into vowels and consonants originally intended by the speaker. ((How brain PROCESSES Sounds))

Sumber materi https://t.me/English_Phonetics_and_Phonology

We all know that English has 26 letters, but there are 44 sounds: 

20 vowels + 24 consonants (= 44 sounds listed with examples in the picture above)

So, we need to differentiate between a letter and its sound(s). 

The letter "a", for example, has many sounds in English:

- /æ/ as in "fat" 

- /eɪ/ as in "fate"

- /ɑ:/ as in "far" 

- /ə/ as in "around"

- /eə/ as in "careful"